Definitions
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- proper noun The standardized spoken
Chinese language , also referred to asStandard Mandarin . The term remains in common use inTaiwan and colloquially inHong Kong (along withPutonghua ). In mainland China, Guoyu or Taiwan Guoyu is used to refer to Taiwanese Mandarin (standard), as opposed to mainland standard Mandarin. - proper noun historical The language the Emperor of China spoke.
Etymologies
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
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Examples
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A-gu also has a great post on the replacement of "Guoyu" with "hwayu" in local textbooks, to remove references to the nation of China.
Archive 2008-02-01 Michael Turton 2008
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Note 104: Yunnan Tongzhi (Daoguang edition), juan 43-47, in YNSLCK 11: 681-791; Fang Guoyu 2001, Vol. 3, 581-582. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 75: Jingdongfu Zhi (1732), juan 2; Fang Guoyu 2003: 3, 250. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 10: For Zhuang Qiao's campaign, see Fang Guoyu 2001, 1: 64-71, 94-100. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 25: For Yong Tao, see YNSLCK 2: 152-156; Fang Guoyu 2001, 2: 94-95. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 42: Fang Guoyu, Yunnan Shiliao Mulu Gaishuo (Beijing: Zhonghuashuju, 1984), Vo1. 1, 2; Fang Guoyu 2001, 2: 373-375. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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So, contrary to what the first school believes, Fang implies, state policies violated natural economic laws. 79 Rather than focusing on state policies, Fang Guoyu examines the source of cowries, namely, the coastal areas in Southeast Asia.
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 111: Fang Guoyu, "Qingdai Gezu Laodongrenmin dui Shanqu de Kaifa" (The exploitation of the mountainous areas during the Qing period), in Fang Guoyu Wenji (Works of Fang Guoyu), 2001, Vol. 3, 583. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Note 105: Fang Guoyu, "Gaishuo" (General introduction), in YNSLCK 11: 678; Yunnan Tongzhi (Daoguang edition), juan 45, in YNSLCK 11: 717-719. back
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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Therefore, Fang Guoyu concludes that the collapse of the trade system around South Asia and Southeast Asia, which resulted from European colonialism, functioned as the decisive factor. 80
Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008
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