land-surface

Global land-surface temperatures for 2010 were the warmest on record, at 1.80 degree Fahrenheit 1.0 degree Celsius above the 20th-century average.

Last Year Tied 2005 for Hottest on Record Gautam Naik 2011

High - or variable-resolution stand-alone AGCM simulations initialized using atmospheric and land-surface conditions interpolated from the corresponding AOGCM fields and driven with the sea surface temperature and sea-ice distributions projected by the AOGCM.

Introduction to Future Climate Change~ Modeling and Scenarios for the Arctic 2009

However, land-surface biology is an important factor in determining the key thermal and radiative properties of the land surface, surface hydrology, turbulent heat and gas exchanges, and other processes.

Global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models 2009

Key properties include surface roughness and albedo, which are normally specified from global datasets, although models with interactive land-surface properties are now being developed.

Global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models 2009

Other processes such as changing land-surface characteristics or changing the atmospheric load of scattering aerosols can also affect albedo.

Bill Chameides: Copenhagen Climate Primer 2009

Examples of such factors include atmospheric composition, particularly atmospheric concentrations of GHGs and aerosols, and land-surface changes (e.g., deforestation).

Introduction to Future Climate Change~ Modeling and Scenarios for the Arctic 2009

The RCM simulations are typically initialized using atmospheric and land-surface conditions interpolated from the corresponding AOGCM fields, and there may be a considerable spin-up period before the actual simulation is started [46].

Regional modeling of the Arctic 2009

The global combined sea-surface and land-surface air temperature for 2008 is currently estimated at 0. 31°C/0. 56°F above the 1961-1990 annual average of 14. 00°C/57. 2°F.

A. Siegel: Will-ful Deceit on Climate Change: Three Blunt Examples 2009

At present, land-surface parameterizations used in global climate models such as those designated by the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) (section 4.2.7) do not adequately resolve the soil, and the models do not archive the soil output needed to assess changes in permafrost distribution and active-layer characteristics.

Permafrost in the Arctic 2009

This compilation includes data from the Russian drifting ice stations and high-latitude land-surface stations, and it is gridded over the 65° to 90° N domain.

Simulation of observed arctic climate with the ACIA designated models 2009