trophectoderm

In such cases, one could, at least in principle, end up with a human being surrounded by a non-human trophectoderm (the layer of cells surrounding the embryo which goes on to form the placental structures).

Human/Non-Human Chimeras Streiffer, Robert 2009

By stating that it "fails to grow a trophectoderm", he means that it falls apart because we've genetically skinned it.

Stanford Scientist finds a "A solution to the stem cell dilemma that even the Vatican can love" 2005

Let us grant for the time being the criterion for organismic status it rests on: an entity has to be able to maintain the coordinated all-at-onceness of its essential parts in order to count as an organism.14 Now, by this standard, it would follow that, once entity X fails to grow a trophectoderm, and so ceases to be able to maintain the coordinated all-at-onceness of its essential parts, it is no longer an organism.

Stanford Scientist finds a "A solution to the stem cell dilemma that even the Vatican can love" 2005

A trophectoderm is: The extra-embryonic part of the ectoderm of mammalian embryos at the blastocyst stage before the mesoderm becomes associated with the ectoderm.

Stanford Scientist finds a "A solution to the stem cell dilemma that even the Vatican can love" 2005

D, Mao CA, Yamanaka Y, Ralston A, Chawengsaksophak K, et al. (2005) Cdx2 is required for correct cell fate specification and differentiation of trophectoderm in the mouse blastocyst.

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles Atsushi Fukuda et al. 2010

Chen L, Viswanathan S, Kim K, et al. (2008) Ras-MAPK signaling promotes trophectoderm formation from embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos.

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles Srinivas R. Viswanathan et al. 2009

Comparative marker selection revealed 48 miRNAs that were upregulated between the morula and blastocyst stages or between the 8-cell embryo and blastocyst stages; this represents the time window of trophectoderm lineage specification in the embryo. 32 miRNAs were upregulated in iRas+Dox _44 h as compared to iRas-Dox ESCs.

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles Srinivas R. Viswanathan et al. 2009

We performed an equivalent analysis to identify miRNAs that are downregulated upon trophectoderm specification both Candidate miRNAs involved in trophectoderm specification and maintenance of pluripotency.

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles Srinivas R. Viswanathan et al. 2009

CDX2, which is expressed in midgut, posterior gut endoderm as well as in trophectoderm

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles 2009

We have compared miRNA expression in embryonic stem cell (ESC) - derived trophectoderm and in staged murine embryos to identify a set of candidate miRNAs likely to be involved in trophectoderm specification.

PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles Srinivas R. Viswanathan et al. 2009