tushe

With the support of An Guoheng (the husband of Qu's niece), a native leader (tushe) of Shuixi (Guizhou), and the Feng family (a native chieftain in Jianchang, Sichuan; a shared last name suggests a clan affiliation), Madame Qu attempted to depose Suolin but failed.

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008

In addition, the source lists another 19 native chiefs (tushe) as Ming native chieftains.

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008

The figures of the Qing counterparts were far smaller (3 yicheng, and 6 tushe).

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008

Native Chieftains tusi (native chieftains) tuguan (native officials) tumu (native headmen) tushe (native headmen) tuqiu (native chief) tuguansheren (native officials/headmen)

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE) 2008