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Examples
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Up through present times, * Mulungu is used widely by extant Kati and Rufiji-Ruvuma speakers.
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For them * Mulungu was a distant and powerful force over which they had no control or influence.
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In their view, * Mulungu was a powerful entity but they did not engage it because to do so was unproductive.
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On top of that, because * mulungu spirits demanded supplication in the places in which they dwelled, many times Africans are characterized as having "worshipped" God in the "bush" when their propitiatory ceremonies were in reality supplicating forest-dwelling spirits that could cause havoc and were wholly distinct from * Mulungu, the Creator. 31
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Subsequently, their Ruvu descendents maintained * Mulungu as a core principle of their religious beliefs right up to current times. 8
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Anthropologist T.O. Beidelman reports that when the Church Missionary Society translated the Christian God into the Kagulu language they emphasized that * Mulungu should be viewed as the Kagulu baba (father), mundewa (leader), and muganga (physician/diviner).
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Reconstructed linguistic forms have a star placed before the word beginning, for example, * Mulungu "God."
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This perception was intimated by the Zaramo belief that their medicine (Swahili dawa) was ineffective on * Mulungu.
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But in fact he conflated the mulungu "nature spirit" that could bring on calamity with Mulungu "God," which would not.
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Based on what is known, the expectation would not be that the woman was praying to * Mulungu because in Ruvu religious understandings, * Mulungu did not answer to people or anyone else.
hernesheir commented on the word Mulungu
Tanzanian sky god whose voice is thunder.
February 2, 2010