kier

In Fig. 5 is shown Mather & Platt's yarn-bleaching kier, which is designed to bleach cotton yarn, either in hanks or in the warp forms, without removing it from the vessel into which it is first placed.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

Raw echinus (“kier-bang”), saline and tonic, would clear the palate for succeeding delicacies.

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One method is to lime by steeping for an hour in a weak lime liquor, using about 2 lb. of lime to 100 lb. of goods; they are then boiled in the kier for eight hours, after which they are washed.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

A jet of steam is sent in at the bottom of this pipe, and by its force any liquor at the bottom of the kier is forced up the puffer pipe and distributed in a spray over any goods which may be in the kier.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

Boil the cotton for six to eight hours with a carbonate of soda lye at 1° Tw. in a kier at ordinary pressure, then wash well, wring, or, better, hydro-extract.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

The length of boil is usually about twelve hours in a low-pressure kier; in a high-pressure kier about seven hours is sufficient.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

In bleaching processes there has been no radical change of system on the large scale since the introduction of the 'Mather' kier in 1885, and the associated change from lime and ash boiling to the caustic soda circulating boil with reduced volume of lye, which this mechanical device rendered practicable.

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Soda or potash is not nearly so good for this first boiling as lime -- for what reason is somewhat uncertain, but probably because they form with the grease in the cloths soluble soaps, which might float about the kier and accumulate in places where they are not required and thus lead to stains, whereas the insoluble lime soap remains where it was formed.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech

After leaving the loom each piece is laid separately in the bleaching kier.

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The length of the boil depends upon the kiers; with the open kier about ten hours are usually given, with the Barlow and injector kiers, working at a pressure of 40 lb. to 50 lb., six to seven hours are given.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student Franklin Beech