Definitions

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition.

  • adjective Articulated with relatively low pressure of the airstream below the glottis, as English (b) and (d) compared with (p) and (t).

from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

  • adjective phonetics weakly articulated (of a consonant), hence voiced; especially as compared to the others of a group of homorganic consonants.

Etymologies

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition

[Latin lēnis, soft; see lē- in Indo-European roots.]

from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License

Latin lenis ("soft, smooth").

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Examples

  • We can see that unaspirated stops are probably "lenis" i.e. requiring comparatively less articulatory effort while aspirated stops are "fortis".

    Bronze Age Areal influence in Anatolia and Etruscan 2008

  • The fortis stops, being marked, are much less frequent and have greater restrictions than the 'lenis' stops such as *t or *dh in the traditional notation.

    Markedness and the uvular proposal in PIE 2008

  • We can see that unaspirated stops are probably "lenis" i.e. requiring comparatively less articulatory effort while aspirated stops are "fortis".

    Archive 2008-01-01 2008

  • Here are all of the Latin words that could conceivably be translated into English as "kind": pius, lenis, genus, comis, benignus, benignitas, beneficus, et almus.

    At What Level did this Evolve? 2009

  • Secondly, if Hittite had lost voicing as a distinctive feature of the language, let's say, while retaining fortis-lenis contrast word-initially, then using voicing distinctions in a foreign system may not have necessarily appealed to the Hittite scribes.

    Bronze Age Areal influence in Anatolia and Etruscan 2008

  • The only thing that could be said about Hittite writing of fortis-lenis distinction is that in writing it looks like all initial consonants are lenis.

    Bronze Age Areal influence in Anatolia and Etruscan 2008

  • Phoenix: "But if there was a fortis-lenis distinction word initially, I guess we would expect Hittite to make use of the voicing distinction the writing system did have."

    Bronze Age Areal influence in Anatolia and Etruscan 2008

  • But if there was a fortis-lenis distinction word initially, I guess we would expect Hittite to make use of the voicing distinction the writing system did have.

    Bronze Age Areal influence in Anatolia and Etruscan 2008

  • Northern and much of central German have a voice-and-aspiration contrast like English, southwestern German has a length contrast, and southeastern German has a pure fortis-lenis contrast in those dialects that have any constrast at all...

    How NOT to reconstruct a protolanguage 2007

  • Again, the dreaded "North Caucasian *ƛ̣_VẋwV ( ˜ Ł_-)" contains only two wildcards (the two instances of V) and uncertainty about whether the initial consonant was ejective or voiced (in other words, it was not aspirated; unlike American ones, Caucasian ejectives are lenes, not fortes, so I'm not terribly surprised it's not always possible to tell if such a lenis was voiced or ejective).

    How NOT to reconstruct a protolanguage 2007

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