P

Strictly speaking, If P then Q, ~P, therefore ~Q is invalid -- modus ponens is only valid if you affirm P; it's not if you deny it.

Refutation in verse 2010

Thus, the claim ˜John's statement that P is true™ can be treated as equivalent to (say) ˜P, as John's statement said™.

Peter Frederick Strawson Snowdon, Paul 2009

P(seems True|True)*P(True)+P(seems True|Lie)*P(Lie)

Detect Lie, Bryan Caplan | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty 2009

Typically such sentences are conditional sentences such as ˜if P then Q™, though Boethius also treats ˜P or Q™ as hypothetical, apparently because he thinks that disjunction can be translated in terms of a conditional sentence.

The Statue of a Writer 2009

P (~P/S) EU (~S), assuming that studying's increase in the probability of passing compensates for the effort of studying.

Causal Decision Theory Weirich, Paul 2008

Others take it to be crucial for any modal interpretation that it also answer questions of the form: Given that a system possesses property P at time s, what is the probability that it will possess property P² at time

Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics Dickson, Michael 2007

P (pr (A) = x) 0 where ˜P™ is the agent's subjective probability function, and ˜pr (A)™ is the assignment that the agent regards as expert.

Interpretations of Probability Hájek, Alan 2007

Necessarily P iff, according to the modal fiction, at all worlds, P*, where P* is the possible-worlds paraphrase of P.

Modal Fictionalism Nolan, Daniel 2007

P iff according to PW, P*. where “PW” is the fiction of possible worlds, P is any proposition, and P* is its possible-worlds

Modal Fictionalism Nolan, Daniel 2007

In that event, ˜Anything is P if and only if it is P²™ comes out true with respect to the actual world but not necessarily true.

Rigid Designators LaPorte, Joseph 2006